![]() Thus, females will often exercise extreme mate choice, and males will sometimes try to circumvent this mate choice by using forceful mating tactics and coercive behaviors to achieve reproductive success. For example, males benefit by mating with multiple females, but females typically do not benefit from frequent mating. Sexual conflict can lead to the evolution of sexually antagonistic behaviors. This difference in how males and females maximize their reproductive success can lead to conflict between the sexes. In contrast, females maximize their fitness by having fewer, high quality mates. Figure 1: Males maximize their fitness by having as many mates as possible. This difference in gamete production usually means that females optimize their reproductive success by mating with just a few, high quality males, while males optimize their reproductive success by mating with as many females as they can in their lifetime. In contrast, males typically produce many, motile, and less nutrient-rich gametes. ![]() Remember that males and females often make very different investments in reproduction with females producing just a few, nutrient-rich gametes over which they are often very protective. ![]() These conflicting optimal strategies typically arise over the mode and frequency of mating and can give rise to sexual conflict. Frequently, males and females have conflicting strategies for maximizing their reproductive success.
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